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Ethiopia

Photo: Plan International

Download the GAGE Ethiopia overview

Download brief: Adolescent lives in Ethiopia: what are we learning from longitudinal evidence?

 

The context: While birth rates are falling in Ethiopia, over half of all Ethiopians are under the age of 20. Poverty rates are also declining but nearly one-quarter of all citizens live below the poverty line. Moreover, Ethiopia is one of five countries accounting for the world’s largest absolute numbers of people living in poverty.

Our research: In Ethiopia, which is located in the Horn of Africa, we are following over 7,000 adolescent girls and boys from rural, urban and pastoralist communities in three regions: Afar, Amhara and Oromia. In addition to the adolescents themselves, our research includes their siblings, caregivers, teachers and other community members.

Education and learning: Ethiopia has made remarkable progress in equitably expanding primary education over the last two decades. Even so, dropout rates remain high, with only about half of young people completing grade 5. Enrolment rates are less than 10% in upper-secondary school, and learning outcomes are extremely low. Differences between girls and boys vary by region and age. While at a national level and across all grade levels girls arenow more likely to be enrolled than boys, in some regions –including Afar and Somali –adolescent girls are effectively excluded from school.

Bodily autonomy, integrity and freedom from violence: Adolescent girls and boys face distinct risks from different forms of violence, due to gender norms. Girls are highly vulnerable to child marriage, with two in five married before the age of 18; to female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C), with nearly half undergoing the practice; and to sexual violence, with one-third of married girls aged 15–19 having experienced violence at the hands of their partner. Violence by other perpetrators is common as well. One survey, for example, found that nine out of 10 girls had been physically abused and seven out of 10 had been psychologically abused, most often at the hands of their mothers. Boys tend to experience more violent discipline at home and at school, and are more likely to engage in –and be victimised by –bullying and youth violence.

Health, nutrition, and sexual and reproductive health: Due to the expansion of Ethiopia’s Health Extension Worker programme and a reduction in food insecurity, adolescents have good access to basic preventative care and are generally better nourished than older cohorts. Ethiopian adolescents’ exposure to SRH-related information is mixed. Messaging about contraception and HIV is widespread. The 2016 DHS, for example, found that 61% of adolescent girls between the ages of 15 and 19 (and nearly 74% of adolescent boys) knew that HIV could be prevented by using condoms, and that girls were quite likely to have been exposed to a family planning message on the radio (24%) or at a community event (27%). However, broader SRH education is rare. Social norms that leave sexual topics taboo and stigmatise girls’ sexuality, mean that most younger adolescents have limited information about puberty, that girls approach menarche with shame and fear, and that many girls cannot access contraception due to social barriers.

Psychosocial well-being: Very little is known about adolescents’ psychosocial well-being, though mental health problems appear to affect a considerable number of children and adolescents (between 12% and 25%). Girls who are married or working as domestic workers tend to be socially isolated and especially likely to be depressed and anxious.

Voice and agency: Girls’ access to voice and agency is more limited than that of boys, due to social norms that primarily value them as wives and mothers.Married girls’ voice and agency is particularly limited, given that they tend to be younger than their husbands. As girls’ access to education (and school-basedgirls’ clubs) and employment has improved, they are becoming more active agents in their own lives.

Economic empowerment: We know little about the economic empowerment of adolescents. Younger adolescents are effectively invisible and older adolescents are almost universally considered as part of the larger group called ‘youth’, which includes young adults up until the age of 30. Rates of unemployment for youth and women are high, in large part because despite economic growth the economy cannot keep up with population growth, and most youth and women are confined to the poorly paid and poorly protected informal labour market.

The evidence base: The evidence base on Ethiopian adolescents is considerable – especially regarding education, child marriage, and sexual and reproductive health. However, it is clear from our Evidence Mappings that there is insufficient attention to age differentiation and that there is very uneven geographical coverage,and thus insufficient information on the ways in which Ethiopia’s diverse cultural norms and practices shape adolescent experiences.

Ethiopia Child Research and Policy Forum

The Child Research and Policy Forum (CRPF) seminar, currently funded by GAGE, has been held at the Ministry of Women, Children and Youth since 2010. Read more.

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Toolkits and survey instruments
10.05.21
Covid-19 phone survey (round 2) in Ethiopia
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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10.05.21 | Education and learning | Toolkits and survey instruments | Ethiopia
Covid-19 phone survey (round 2) in Ethiopia
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Journal articles
06.05.21
Betwixt and Between: Adolescent Transitions and Social Policy Lacunae in Ethiopia
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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06.05.21 | Education and learning | Journal articles | Ethiopia
Betwixt and Between: Adolescent Transitions and Social Policy Lacunae in Ethiopia
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Reports
20.04.21
Transforming gender norms through life-skills programming in rural Ethiopia: short-term impacts and emerging lessons for adaptive programming (Oromia case study)
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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20.04.21 | Education and learning | Reports | Ethiopia
Transforming gender norms through life-skills programming in rural Ethiopia: short-term impacts and emerging lessons for adaptive programming (Oromia case study)
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Reports
12.04.21
Transforming gender norms through life-skills programming in rural Ethiopia: short-term impacts and emerging lessons for adaptive programming (Amhara case study)
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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12.04.21 | Education and learning | Reports | Ethiopia
Transforming gender norms through life-skills programming in rural Ethiopia: short-term impacts and emerging lessons for adaptive programming (Amhara case study)
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Reports
08.04.21
‘Some got married, others don’t want to attend school as they are involved in income-generation’: adolescent experiences following covid-19 lockdowns in low- and middle-income countries
Education and learning
Bangladesh | Ethiopia
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08.04.21 | Education and learning | Reports | Bangladesh
‘Some got married, others don’t want to attend school as they are involved in income-generation’: adolescent experiences following covid-19 lockdowns in low- and middle-income countries
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Reports
01.04.21
Transforming gender norms through life-skills programming in rural Ethiopia: short-term impacts and emerging lessons for adaptive programming (Afar case study)
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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01.04.21 | Education and learning | Reports | Ethiopia
Transforming gender norms through life-skills programming in rural Ethiopia: short-term impacts and emerging lessons for adaptive programming (Afar case study)
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Policy briefs
31.03.21
Exploring changing patterns in adolescents’ access to education and learning in Ethiopia: policy and programming implications from the GAGE midline findings
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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31.03.21 | Education and learning | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Exploring changing patterns in adolescents’ access to education and learning in Ethiopia: policy and programming implications from the GAGE midline findings
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Reports
31.03.21
‘My husband can go to work and I will go to my school’: exploring changing patterns in adolescents’ access to education and learning in Ethiopia
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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31.03.21 | Education and learning | Reports | Ethiopia
‘My husband can go to work and I will go to my school’: exploring changing patterns in adolescents’ access to education and learning in Ethiopia
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Reports
11.12.20
‘The first thing that I fear for my future is lack of rain and drought’: climate change and its impacts on adolescent capabilities in low- and middle-income countries
Education and learning
Bangladesh | Ethiopia
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11.12.20 | Education and learning | Reports | Bangladesh
‘The first thing that I fear for my future is lack of rain and drought’: climate change and its impacts on adolescent capabilities in low- and middle-income countries
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Journal articles
09.12.20
Constrained choices: exploring the complexities of adolescent girls’ voice and agency in child marriage decisions in Ethiopia
Voice and agency
Ethiopia
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09.12.20 | Voice and agency | Journal articles | Ethiopia
Constrained choices: exploring the complexities of adolescent girls’ voice and agency in child marriage decisions in Ethiopia
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Reports
03.12.20
‘Girls don’t shout if they are raped… that is taboo’: exploring barriers to Ethiopian adolescents’ freedom from age- and gender-based violence
Bodily integrity and freedom from violence
Ethiopia
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03.12.20 | Bodily integrity and freedom from violence | Reports | Ethiopia
‘Girls don’t shout if they are raped… that is taboo’: exploring barriers to Ethiopian adolescents’ freedom from age- and gender-based violence
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Reports
20.11.20
‘They did not take me to a clinic’: Ethiopian adolescents’ access to health and nutrition information and services
Health, Nutrition and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH)
Ethiopia
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20.11.20 | Health, Nutrition and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) | Reports | Ethiopia
‘They did not take me to a clinic’: Ethiopian adolescents’ access to health and nutrition information and services
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Journal articles
10.11.20
Intersecting vulnerabilities: the impacts of COVID‑19 on the psycho‑emotional lives of young people in low‑ and middle‑income countries
Psychosocial well-being
Ethiopia | Lebanon
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10.11.20 | Psychosocial well-being | Journal articles | Ethiopia
Intersecting vulnerabilities: the impacts of COVID‑19 on the psycho‑emotional lives of young people in low‑ and middle‑income countries
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Books and book chapters
27.10.20
Disentangling urban adolescents' vulnerability to age- and gender-based violence through a capability lens in Ethiopia and Rwanda
Bodily integrity and freedom from violence
Ethiopia | Rwanda
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27.10.20 | Bodily integrity and freedom from violence | Books and book chapters | Ethiopia
Disentangling urban adolescents' vulnerability to age- and gender-based violence through a capability lens in Ethiopia and Rwanda
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Books and book chapters
27.10.20
Exploring the role of evolving gender norms in shaping adolescents’ experiences of violence in pastoralist Afar, Ethiopia
Bodily integrity and freedom from violence
Ethiopia
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27.10.20 | Bodily integrity and freedom from violence | Books and book chapters | Ethiopia
Exploring the role of evolving gender norms in shaping adolescents’ experiences of violence in pastoralist Afar, Ethiopia
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Books and book chapters
27.10.20
Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme and adolescent wellbeing: evidence from the GAGE study
Psychosocial well-being
Ethiopia
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27.10.20 | Psychosocial well-being | Books and book chapters | Ethiopia
Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme and adolescent wellbeing: evidence from the GAGE study
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Journal articles
11.10.20
Leave no adolescent behind: addressing inequities in educational attainment in rural Ethiopia
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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11.10.20 | Education and learning | Journal articles | Ethiopia
Leave no adolescent behind: addressing inequities in educational attainment in rural Ethiopia
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Policy briefs
08.10.20
‘Children are future leaders of the country’: Ethiopian adolescents’ access to voice and agency
Voice and agency
Ethiopia
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08.10.20 | Voice and agency | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
‘Children are future leaders of the country’: Ethiopian adolescents’ access to voice and agency
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Policy briefs
24.09.20
Adolescents’ experiences of covid-19 and the public health response in urban Ethiopia
Health, Nutrition and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH)
Ethiopia
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24.09.20 | Health, Nutrition and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Adolescents’ experiences of covid-19 and the public health response in urban Ethiopia
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Toolkits and survey instruments
23.09.20
Ethiopia round 2 survey 2019/2020
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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23.09.20 | Education and learning | Toolkits and survey instruments | Ethiopia
Ethiopia round 2 survey 2019/2020
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Reports
12.08.20
‘I have nothing to feed my family…’: covid-19 risk pathways for adolescent girls in low- and middle-income countries
Economic empowerment
Bangladesh | Ethiopia
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12.08.20 | Economic empowerment | Reports | Bangladesh
‘I have nothing to feed my family…’: covid-19 risk pathways for adolescent girls in low- and middle-income countries
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Policy briefs
11.08.20
Experiences of vulnerable urban youth under covid-19: the case of street-connected youth and young people involved in commercial sex work
Health, Nutrition and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH)
Ethiopia
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11.08.20 | Health, Nutrition and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Experiences of vulnerable urban youth under covid-19: the case of street-connected youth and young people involved in commercial sex work
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Policy briefs
11.08.20
Experiences of vulnerable urban youth under covid-19: the case of youth living with HIV
Health, Nutrition and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH)
Ethiopia
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11.08.20 | Health, Nutrition and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Experiences of vulnerable urban youth under covid-19: the case of youth living with HIV
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Policy briefs
11.08.20
Experiences of vulnerable urban youth under covid-19: the case of domestic workers
Economic empowerment
Ethiopia
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11.08.20 | Economic empowerment | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Experiences of vulnerable urban youth under covid-19: the case of domestic workers
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Policy briefs
11.08.20
Experiences of vulnerable urban youth under covid-19: the case of youth with disabilities
Health, Nutrition and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH)
Ethiopia
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11.08.20 | Health, Nutrition and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Experiences of vulnerable urban youth under covid-19: the case of youth with disabilities
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Policy briefs
11.08.20
Experiences of vulnerable urban youth under covid-19: the case of youth working in factories and industrial parks
Economic empowerment
Ethiopia
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11.08.20 | Economic empowerment | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Experiences of vulnerable urban youth under covid-19: the case of youth working in factories and industrial parks
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Journal articles
11.08.20
Gender-norms, violence and adolescence: exploring how gender norms are associated with experiences of childhood violence among young adolescents in Ethiopia
Bodily integrity and freedom from violence
Ethiopia
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11.08.20 | Bodily integrity and freedom from violence | Journal articles | Ethiopia
Gender-norms, violence and adolescence: exploring how gender norms are associated with experiences of childhood violence among young adolescents in Ethiopia
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Policy briefs
29.07.20
Child marriage risks in the context of covid-19 in Ethiopia
Bodily integrity and freedom from violence
Ethiopia
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29.07.20 | Bodily integrity and freedom from violence | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Child marriage risks in the context of covid-19 in Ethiopia
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Journal articles
17.06.20
Intersecting inequalities, gender and adolescent health in Ethiopia
Health, Nutrition and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH)
Ethiopia
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17.06.20 | Health, Nutrition and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) | Journal articles | Ethiopia
Intersecting inequalities, gender and adolescent health in Ethiopia
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Toolkits and survey instruments
05.06.20
GAGE Ethiopia: overview
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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05.06.20 | Education and learning | Toolkits and survey instruments | Ethiopia
GAGE Ethiopia: overview
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Policy briefs
27.04.20
Exploring adolescents' experiences and priorities in Ethiopia under covid-19
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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27.04.20 | Education and learning | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Exploring adolescents' experiences and priorities in Ethiopia under covid-19
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Toolkits and survey instruments
30.01.20
Ethiopia baseline survey 2017/18
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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30.01.20 | Education and learning | Toolkits and survey instruments | Ethiopia
Ethiopia baseline survey 2017/18
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Journal articles
22.11.19
Do restrictive gender attitudes and norms influence physical and mental health during very young adolescence? Evidence from Bangladesh and Ethiopia
Psychosocial well-being
Bangladesh | Ethiopia
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22.11.19 | Psychosocial well-being | Journal articles | Bangladesh
Do restrictive gender attitudes and norms influence physical and mental health during very young adolescence? Evidence from Bangladesh and Ethiopia
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Journal articles
29.10.19
Exploring the role of evolving gender norms in shaping adolescents’ experiences of violence in pastoralist Afar, Ethiopia
Bodily integrity and freedom from violence
Ethiopia
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29.10.19 | Bodily integrity and freedom from violence | Journal articles | Ethiopia
Exploring the role of evolving gender norms in shaping adolescents’ experiences of violence in pastoralist Afar, Ethiopia
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Policy briefs
09.09.19
Child marriage, intimate partner violence and mental health among young Ethiopian women
Bodily integrity and freedom from violence
Ethiopia
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09.09.19 | Bodily integrity and freedom from violence | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Child marriage, intimate partner violence and mental health among young Ethiopian women
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Evidence reviews
06.08.19
Raising the visibility of IDPs: a case study of gender- and age-specific vulnerabilities among Ethiopian IDP adolescents
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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06.08.19 | Education and learning | Evidence reviews | Ethiopia
Raising the visibility of IDPs: a case study of gender- and age-specific vulnerabilities among Ethiopian IDP adolescents
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Policy briefs
02.06.19
Leave no adolescent behind: the gender- and age-specific vulnerabilities of adolescent refugees and IDPs
Education and learning
Ethiopia | Rwanda
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02.06.19 | Education and learning | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Leave no adolescent behind: the gender- and age-specific vulnerabilities of adolescent refugees and IDPs
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Reports
21.05.19
Adolescent psychosocial well-being and voice and agency in Ethiopia
Voice and agency
Ethiopia
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21.05.19 | Voice and agency | Reports | Ethiopia
Adolescent psychosocial well-being and voice and agency in Ethiopia
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Policy briefs
21.05.19
Gender and regional inequalities in adolescent bodily integrity and freedom from violence in Ethiopia
Bodily integrity and freedom from violence
Ethiopia
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21.05.19 | Bodily integrity and freedom from violence | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Gender and regional inequalities in adolescent bodily integrity and freedom from violence in Ethiopia
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Reports
21.05.19
Adolescent well-being in Ethiopia: exploring gendered capabilities, contexts and change strategies
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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21.05.19 | Education and learning | Reports | Ethiopia
Adolescent well-being in Ethiopia: exploring gendered capabilities, contexts and change strategies
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Policy briefs
21.05.19
Gender and regional inequalities in adolescent psychosocial well-being and voice and agency
Voice and agency
Ethiopia
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21.05.19 | Voice and agency | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Gender and regional inequalities in adolescent psychosocial well-being and voice and agency
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Reports
20.05.19
Adolescent health, nutrition and sexual and reproductive health in Ethiopia
Health, Nutrition and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH)
Ethiopia
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20.05.19 | Health, Nutrition and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) | Reports | Ethiopia
Adolescent health, nutrition and sexual and reproductive health in Ethiopia
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Policy briefs
20.05.19
Gender and regional inequalities in adolescent health and nutrition in Ethiopia
Health, Nutrition and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH)
Ethiopia
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20.05.19 | Health, Nutrition and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Gender and regional inequalities in adolescent health and nutrition in Ethiopia
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Reports
20.05.19
Adolescent education and learning in Ethiopia
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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20.05.19 | Education and learning | Reports | Ethiopia
Adolescent education and learning in Ethiopia
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Reports
20.05.19
Adolescent economic empowerment in Ethiopia
Economic empowerment
Ethiopia
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20.05.19 | Economic empowerment | Reports | Ethiopia
Adolescent economic empowerment in Ethiopia
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Reports
20.05.19
Adolescent bodily integrity and freedom from violence in Ethiopia
Bodily integrity and freedom from violence
Ethiopia
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20.05.19 | Bodily integrity and freedom from violence | Reports | Ethiopia
Adolescent bodily integrity and freedom from violence in Ethiopia
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Policy briefs
20.05.19
Gender and regional inequalities in adolescent education and learning in Ethiopia
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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20.05.19 | Education and learning | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Gender and regional inequalities in adolescent education and learning in Ethiopia
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Policy briefs
19.05.19
Gender and regional inequalities in adolescent economic empowerment
Economic empowerment
Ethiopia
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19.05.19 | Economic empowerment | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Gender and regional inequalities in adolescent economic empowerment
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Policy briefs
21.03.19
Leave no one behind: an agenda for action to enhance the full capabilities of adolescents with disabilities in Ethiopia
Education and learning
Ethiopia
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21.03.19 | Education and learning | Policy briefs | Ethiopia
Leave no one behind: an agenda for action to enhance the full capabilities of adolescents with disabilities in Ethiopia
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